Cryogenic treatment of mixed loads

ABSTRACT

A process for treating mixed loads of tools and/or parts which incorporates an optional pre-heat phase, a cryogenic phase, and an optional post temper phase.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to and is a conversion of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/278,858, entitled Cryogenic Treatment of Diamond Saw Blades and Other Tooling, filed Oct. 14, 2009, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to a system, method and apparatus of improving the durability and wear characteristics of various tools and/or parts being processed simultaneously in a single processor using a deep cryogenic tempering dry process. The process includes the steps, of placing the various tools and/or parts into the cryogenic processor, lowering the temperature of the various tools and/or parts following a computer controlled temperature descent profile using required and optional hold stages of approximately minus 160 degrees F. (F=Fahrenheit) to approximately minus 289 degrees F., holding the tools and/or parts at one or more deep cryogenic temperatures in the range of minus 300 degrees F. to minus 320 degrees F. for an extended period of time, raising the temperature of the various tools and/or parts using a computer controlled temperature ascent profile back to ambient, and tempering the tools and/or parts, if necessary, at temperatures of approximately 250 degrees F. or higher in one or more ovens. Optionally, prior to placing the various tools and/or parts into the cryogenic processor, an additional step may be included to elevate the temperature of various tools and/or parts to a temperature in the range of 250 degrees F. to 350 degrees F. for a period of time based on the material and cross-section of the various tools and/or parts.

PROBLEMS IN THE ART

Deep cryogenic tempering generally involves subjecting tools and/or parts to temperatures in the range of approximately −250 degrees F. to −350 degrees F., typically through the introduction of a cryogenic liquid, such as, but not limited to, nitrogen via flashing into a cryogenic processing chamber. After the tools and/or parts are held at deep cryogenic temperatures for a specific period of time, the tools and/or parts are returned to ambient temperature. Furthermore, the tools and/or parts often undergo a heat treatment after the cryogenic process, followed by a return to ambient temperatures. As a result, specific deep cryogenic tempering can greatly enhance specific properties of the tools and/or parts as more fully described below.

Known applications of deep cryogenic processing include, for example, treatment of cutting tools to improve life and wear resistance; or brake rotors and components to improve life, wear resistance, and performance; and treatment of firearm barrels and related components to improve accuracy and to extend barrel life. As an example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,865,913, Paulin, et al. discloses a deep cryogenic tempering process for treating firearm barrels and components that provides a specific deep cryogenic processing flow and processing profile. This processing flow and profile are specific to firearms and generally cannot be used for other applications due to the dependency of generating a cryogenic processing profile based on the mass of the load, and the specific nature of the materials to be treated, cross-sectional thickness, etc.

What is needed is a deep cryogenic tempering process that can be applied to mixed loads of tools and/or parts being processed simultaneously in the same processor to achieve the desired properties for all of the tools and/or parts being processed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In the preferred form, the present invention provides a deep cryogenic tempering process for mixed loads of tools and/or parts to enhance certain structural properties to generally provide an extended service life. The deep cryogenic tempering process generally comprises of first cooling the various tools and/or parts to temperatures of approximately −300 degrees F., followed by a gradual increase in temperature to approximately 300 degree F., and then finally a gradual cooling to ambient temperatures.

Optionally, the present invention may include a pre-heat process prior to the deep cryogenic tempering process, in which some, or all of the various tools and/or parts being treated together in the same cryogenic processing chamber are heated in ovens by a gradual increase in temperature from ambient to approximately 300 degrees F., and then placed in the cryogenic chamber just prior to subjecting the parts to the aforementioned cooling process.

The temperature of the various tools and/or parts is increased and decreased through several stages that include an initial descent stage to achieve a tool and/or part temperature of approximately −300 degrees F., a static stage to hold the tool and/or part at approximately −300 degrees F. for a period of time, an ascent stage to achieve a tool and/or part temperature of approximately 300 degrees F. for a post temper, and a final cool-down stage to cool the tool and/or part to ambient temperatures. The amount of time during and between each stage, and further the rate of temperature change during the descent, ascent, and cool-down stages are dependent upon tool and/or part properties such as material type, total mass, and cross-sectional properties, among others.

Generally, the deep cryogenic process involves loading a plurality of tools and/or parts into a cryogenic processing chamber and introducing gaseous nitrogen into the chamber at a certain rate to lower the temperature of the mixed load of tools and/or parts to approximately −300 degrees F. Liquid nitrogen is first flashed into a gaseous form, rather than directly introducing liquid nitrogen, in order to minimize the risk of thermal shock to the mixed load of tools and/or parts. Although the present invention preferably introduces gaseous nitrogen, other cryogenic compounds such as oxygen or hydrogen may also be used, depending on the specific material being treated, and thus the use of gaseous nitrogen shall not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.

After a period of time at approximately −300 degrees F., hereinafter referred to as the hold time, the gaseous nitrogen is exhausted from the chamber to bring the tool and/or parts to a temperature of between 0 degrees F., and 85 degrees F. The mixed load of tools and/or parts are then transferred to at least one tempering oven, wherein the temperature of the various tools and/or parts is increased to approximately 300 degrees F., and is held at 300 degrees F. for a period of time, hereinafter referred to as a post temper time. Several post temper times may also be employed, and the present invention preferably employs a total of three (3) post temper times. Finally, the temperature of the various tools and/or parts is reduced to ambient to complete the deep cryogenic tempering process.

Further areas of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the preferred embodiment of the present invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawing, wherein:

FIG. 1 is process profile illustrating the deep cryogenic tempering process in accordance with the methods of the present invention for mixed loads of tools and/or parts.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

The following description of the preferred embodiment of the present invention is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses.

Referring to the drawing, a process profile that encompasses the entire thermal process for the deep cryogenic tempering of mixed loads of tools and/or parts according to the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 1. Deep cryogenic processing equipment is known in the art, therefore, a detailed description is not included for purposes of clarity.

If a pre-heat operation is required, specific tools and/or parts from the mixed load are placed in at least one oven at ambient temperatures, and raised to a temperature of approximately 300 degrees F., and held at approximately 300 degrees F. for a period of time equal to 1 minute/inch of cross-sectional thickness. After the specific tools and/or parts in a mixed load that require a pre-heat, if any, have been in at least one oven for the prescribed period of time, they are placed in the cryogenic processing chamber. Once pre-heated tools and/or parts are in the cryogenic processing chamber, the cryogenic processor is started immediately.

The mixed load of tools and/or parts placed in the cryogenic processing chamber at ambient temperatures, is started as gaseous nitrogen is introduced into the cryogenic processing chamber to decrease the temperature of the tool and/or parts to approximately −300 degrees F. at a specified descent rate, wherein the descent rate is dependent on the tool and/or part in the processing chamber that requires the slowest descent rate, based on tool and/or part properties such as material, mass, and geometrical cross-section. Generally, the time during which the temperature of the mixed load of tools and/or parts is lowered to deep cryogenic levels is referred to as the descent stage 200.

During the descent stage 200, there are three required hold stages 400, 500, 600 and one optional hold stage 300. The optional hold stage 300 is approximately −160 degrees F. Hold stage 400 is approximately −214 degrees F. Hold stage 500 is approximately −246 degrees F. Hold stage 600 is approximately −289 degrees F. The length of each required hold stage 400, 500, 600 and the optional hold stage 300 depend on the total mass of tools and/or parts in the cryogenic processing chamber, and the tool and/or part with the maximum cross-sectional thickness.

Once the mixed load of tools and/or parts reaches approximately −300 degrees F., the temperature of the tools and/or parts is held for an extended period of time referred to as the hold time 700. The hold time 700 is also dependent on tool and/or part properties such as material, mass, and geometrical cross-section that required the longest hold time.

After the hold time 700, the temperature of the various tool and/or parts is raised to approximately 0 degrees F. to 85 degrees F. at an ascent rate 800, wherein the ascent rate 800 is also dependent on the properties of the tool and/or part in the mixed load that requires the slowest ascent rate. The properties of the tool and/or parts that determine the slowest ascent rate for the mixed load, include, but are not limited to, material, mass, and geometrical cross-section. A combination of gaseous nitrogen and heat may be used in the cryogenic processing chamber to bring the temperature of the mixed load of tools and/or parts to approximately 0 degrees F. to 85 degrees F.

Once the temperature of the mixed load of tools and/or parts is at approximately 0 degrees F. to 85 degrees F., decision point 900 is reached. If required, the mixed load of tools and/or parts is then transferred to at least one tempering oven to raise their temperature between approximately 250 degrees F. and approximately 450 degrees F. The use of at least one tempering oven allows for the mixed load of tools and/or parts to be tempered for the correct time and temperature that is required for a specific tool and/or part. The tools and/or parts are raised between approximately 250 degrees F. and approximately 450 degrees F. three times, and returned to ambient, which is referred to as the post temper cycle 1000. The post temper times and temperatures used in the post temper cycle 1000 are dependent on tool and/or part properties such as material, mass, and geometrical cross-section. Optionally, tools and/or parts that do not require tempering can be placed under blankets or other coverings to allow them to slowly warm to ambient temperature.

After the post temper cycle 1000, the temperature of the tools and/or parts is lowered to ambient during a final cool-down stage. Once the tools and/or parts have cooled sufficiently, they are removed from the at least one tempering oven and are ready for use.

Chart 1 is an example of various tools and/or parts that can be cryogenically processed. Chart 1 covers the process from the optional pre-heat stage, through the cryogenic cycle, including various hold time stages, and through the ascent stage that ends approximately between 0 degrees F. and 85 degrees F., which is the decision point 900 where specific tools and/or parts have finished the process at ambient, or have to be transferred to at least one tempering oven for the post temper cycle 1000. The times and temperatures in the chart below are exemplary, and may not be the exact times and temperatures used.

CHART 1 PRE-HEAT AND CRYOGENIC CYCLE ELEMENTS 1 = PRE-HEAT REQUIRED 2 = MAXIMUM DESCENT RATE 3 = HOLD AT −160° F. REQUIRED (SEE TABLE 3 FOR HOLD TIME) 4 = HOLD AT −214° F. REQUIRED (SEE TABLE 4 FOR HOLD TIME) 5 = HOLD AT −246° F. REQUIRED (SEE TABLE 5 FOR HOLD TIME) 6 = HOLD AT −289° F. REQUIRED (SEE TABLE 6 FOR HOLD TIME) 7 = MINIMUM HOLD TIME AT APPROX. −300° F. 8 = MAXIMUM ASCENT RATE ELEMENT CORRESPONDING TO FIG. 1 TOOL OR PART DESCRIPTION 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Drill bits N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Reamers N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min End mills N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Progressive dies N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Punch dies N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Press dies Y 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Forge dies, less than 4″ cross-section Y 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 40 1° F./Min Forge dies, more than 4″ cross-section Y 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 40 0.5° F./Min   Mill hammers N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Extrusion dies N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Dummy blocks for extrusion equipment Y 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Pillow blocks for extrusion equipment N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Bearings N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Pellet dies N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Granulators N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Grinding plates N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Circular slitters N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Cutters N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Hobs N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Shear blades, less than 4″ cross-section N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Shear blades, more than 4″ cross-section N 1° F./Min Y Y Y Y 24 0.5° F./Min   Band saw blades N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Taps N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Broaches N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Roll dies N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Carbide inserts N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Spot welding tips N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Welding nozzles N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Welding tips N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Welding feeders, guides, tubes N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Cutting torch tips N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Cutting torch nozzles N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Electric motor parts N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Saw blades configured for brick N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Saw blades configured for pavers N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Saw blades configured for block N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Saw blades configured for marble N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Saw blades configured for granite N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Saw blades configured for quartz N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Saw blades configured for tile N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Saw blades configured for cured concrete N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Saw blades configured for green concrete N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Saw blades configured for asphalt N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Saw blades configured for demolition work N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Saw blades configured for rebar, steel N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Saw blades configured for tuck pointing N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Cup grinders N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Coring bits N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Concrete drills N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Grader blades N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Wear edges for bucket loaders, scrapers, graders, N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min snow plows Track gears, one piece or multi-piece N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Scarifier teeth N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Ripper teeth N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Road milling bits N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Jack hammer bits N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Crack grinders, and associated rods N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Trencher chains N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Roller chain N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Stabilization tines N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Blow bars N 1° F./Min Y Y Y Y 30 1° F./Min Hammer mill hammers, less than 4″ cross-section, N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 30 1° F./Min and associated rods Hammer mill hammers, more than 4″ cross-section, N 1° F./Min Y Y Y Y 30 1° F./Min and associated rods Pumps N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Chain saw chains, and associated sprockets N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Rope saws N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Nitrogen knives for agriculture N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Coring bits N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Drills N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Bucket teeth N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Soil mixing tines N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Soil mixing blades N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Tire shredding tools Y 1° F./Min Y Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Metal shredding hammers (less than 4″ cross- N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min section), and associated rods Metal shredding hammers (more than 4″ cross- N 1° F./Min Y Y Y Y 24 0.5° F./Min   section), and associated rods Metal shear tools Y 1° F./Min Y Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Push rods N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Rocker arms, steel N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Rocker arms, aluminum N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Valves N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Valve springs N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Camshafts N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Crankshafts N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Connecting rods, steel N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Connecting rods, aluminum N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Pistons and rings, steel N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Pistons and rings, aluminum N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Crankshafts N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Bearings N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Heads, steel N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Heads, aluminum N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Blocks, steel N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Blocks, aluminum N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Brake drums N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Brake rotors N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Brake pads N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Spark plugs N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Transmission gears N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Rear end gears N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Axles N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Timing chains and gears N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Rear sprockets N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Torque converter stators N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Golf clubs N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Golf balls N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Aluminum baseball/softball bats N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Racket strings N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Fishing line N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Musical instruments N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Electronic cables N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Circuit boards N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Razors and razor blades N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Panty hose N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Welded components N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Rubber impregnated Nomex N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Dental tools N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Light bulbs N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Guitar strings N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min Honing stones N 1° F./Min N Y Y Y 24 1° F./Min

Chart 2 is an example of various tools and/or parts that can be cryogenically processed, which may, or may not require a post temper cycle 1000. Chart 2 covers the post temper cycle. The times and temperatures in the chart below are exemplary, and may not be the exact times and temperatures used.

CHART 2 POST-TEMPER CYCLE ELEMENTS 9 = POST-TEMPER REQUIRED 10 = POST-TEMPER TEMPERATURE (APPROX. 1 HR/INCH CROSS-SECTION) ELEMENT CORRESPONDING TO FIG. 1 TOOL OR PART DESCRIPTION 900 1000 Drill bits Y 300° F. Reamers Y 300° F. End mills Y 300° F. Progressive dies Y 300° F. Punch dies Y 300° F. Press dies Y 300° F. Forge dies, less than 4″ cross-section Y 300° F. Forge dies, more than 4″ cross-section Y 300° F. Mill hammers Y 300° F. Extrusion dies Y 300° F. Dummy blocks for extrusion equipment Y 300° F. Pillow blocks for extrusion equipment Y 300° F. Bearings Y 300° F. Pellet dies Y 300° F. Granulators Y 300° F. Grinding plates Y 300° F. Circular slitters Y 300° F. Cutters Y 300° F. Hobs Y 300° F. Shear blades, less than 4″ cross-section Y 300° F. Shear blades, more than 4″ cross-section Y 300° F. Band saw blades Y 300° F. Taps Y 300° F. Broaches Y 300° F. Roll dies Y 300° F. Carbide inserts Y 300° F. Spot welding tips N N/A Welding nozzles N N/A Welding tips N N/A Welding feeders, guides, tubes N N/A Cutting torch tips N N/A Cutting torch nozzles N N/A Electric motor parts N N/A Saw blades configured for brick Y 300° F. Saw blades configured for pavers Y 300° F. Saw blades configured for block Y 300° F. Saw blades configured for marble Y 300° F. Saw blades configured for granite Y 300° F. Saw blades configured for quartz Y 300° F. Saw blades configured for tile Y 300° F. Saw blades configured for cured concrete Y 300° F. Saw blades configured for green concrete Y 300° F. Saw blades configured for asphalt Y 300° F. Saw blades configured for demolition work Y 300° F. Saw blades configured for rebar, steel Y 300° F. Saw blades configured for tuck pointing Y 300° F. Cup grinders Y 300° F. Coring bits Y 300° F. Concrete drills Y 300° F. Grader blades Y 300° F. Wear edges for bucket loaders, scrapers, graders, Y 300° F. snow plows Track gears, one piece or multi-piece Y 300° F. Scarifier teeth Y 300° F. Ripper teeth Y 300° F. Road milling bits Y 300° F. Jack hammer bits Y 300° F. Crack grinders, and associated rods Y 300° F. Trencher chains Y 300° F. Roller chain Y 300° F. Stabilization tines Y 300° F. Blow bars Y 300° F. Hammer mill hammers, less than 4″ cross-section, Y 300° F. and associated rods Hammer mill hammers, more than 4″ cross-section, Y 300° F. and associated rods Wear liners for crushers and screen plants Y 300° F. Material screens Y 300° F. Pumps Y 300° F. Chain saw chains, and associated sprockets Y 300° F. Rope saws Y 300° F. Nitrogen knives for agriculture Y 300° F. Coring bits Y 300° F. Drills Y 300° F. Bucket teeth Y 300° F. Soil mixing tines Y 300° F. Soil mixing blades Y 300° F. Tire shredding tools Y 300° F. Metal shredding hammers (less than 4″ Y 300° F. cross-section),and associated rods Metal shredding hammers (more than 4″ cross- Y 300° F. section), and associated rods Metal shear tools Y 300° F. Push rods Y 300° F. Rocker arms, steel Y 300° F. Rocker arms, aluminum Y 275° F. Valves Y 300° F. Valve springs Y 300° F. Camshafts Y 300° F. Crankshafts Y 300° F. Connecting rods, steel Y 300° F. Connecting rods, aluminum Y 275° F. Pistons and rings, steel Y 300° F. Pistons and rings, aluminum Y 275° F. Crankshafts Y 300° F. Bearings Y 300° F. Heads, steel Y 300° F. Heads, aluminum Y 275° F. Blocks, steel Y 300° F. Blocks, aluminum Y 275° F. Brake drums Y 400° F. Brake rotors Y 400° F. Brake pads Y 300° F. Spark plugs Y 300° F. Transmission gears Y 300° F. Rear end gears Y 300° F. Axles Y 300° F. Timing chains and gears Y 300° F. Rear sprockets Y 300° F. Torque converter stators Y 275° F. Golf clubs N N/A Golf balls N N/A Aluminum baseball/softball bats Y 275° F. Racket strings N N/A Fishing line N N/A Musical instruments N N/A Electronic cables N N/A Circuit boards N N/A Razors and razor blades N N/A Panty hose N N/A Welded components (steel) Y 300° F. Welded components (aluminum) Y 275° F. Rubber impregnated Nomex N N/A Dental tools Y 300° F. Light bulbs N N/AF Guitar strings N N/A Honing stones Y 275° F.

Charts 3, 4, 5, and 6 are examples of various hold time stages 300, 400, 500, 600 during the descent 200 to approximately −300 degrees F. The times and temperatures in the charts below are exemplary, and may not be the exact times and temperatures used.

CHART 3 OPTIONAL −160 F. HOLD TIME PARAMETERS (STEP 300, FIG. 1) HOLD TIME AT −160 F. MASS IN CRYOGENIC PROCESSING CHAMBER (CROSS-SECTIONS LESS THAN 4″)   0-500 lbs  0 min  500-1000 lbs  0 min 1000-4000 lbs  0 min 4000-10000 lbs   0 min MASS IN CRYOGENIC PROCESSING CHAMBER (CROSS-SECTIONS MORE THAN 4″)   0-500 lbs 30 min  500-1000 lbs 45 min 1000-4000 lbs 60 min MASS IN CRYOGENIC PROCESSING CHAMBER (CROSS-SECTIONS LESS THAN 4″) 4000-10000 lbs  75 min

CHART 4 REQUIRED −214 F. HOLD TIME PARAMETERS STEP 400, FIG. 1) MASS IN CRYOGENIC PROCESSING CHAMBER MASS IN CRYOGENIC PROCESSING (CROSS-SECTIONS CHAMBER LESS THAN 4″) (CROSS-SECTIONS LESS THAN 4″)   0-500 lbs   0-500 lbs  500-1000 lbs  500-1000 lbs 1000-4000 lbs 1000-4000 lbs 4000-10000 lbs  4000-10000 lbs  MASS IN CRYOGENIC PROCESSING CHAMBER MASS IN CRYOGENIC PROCESSING (CROSS-SECTIONS CHAMBER MORE THAN 4″) (CROSS-SECTIONS MORE THAN 4″)   0-500 lbs   0-500 lbs  500-1000 lbs  500-1000 lbs 1000-4000 lbs 1000-4000 lbs 4000-10000 lbs  4000-10000 lbs 

CHART 5 REQUIRED −246 F. HOLD TIME PARAMETERS (STEP 500, FIG. 1) MASS IN CRYOGENIC PROCESSING CHAMBER MASS IN CRYOGENIC PROCESSING (CROSS-SECTIONS CHAMBER (CROSS-SECTIONS LESS LESS THAN 4″) THAN 4″)   0-500 lbs   0-500 lbs  500-1000 lbs  500-1000 lbs 1000-4000 lbs 1000-4000 lbs 4000-10000 lbs  4000-10000 lbs  MASS IN CRYOGENIC PROCESSING CHAMBER MASS IN CRYOGENIC PROCESSING (CROSS-SECTIONS CHAMBER (CROSS-SECTIONS MORE MORE THAN 4″) THAN 4″)   0-500 lbs   0-500 lbs  500-1000 lbs  500-1000 lbs 1000-4000 lbs 1000-4000 lbs 4000-10000 lbs  4000-10000 lbs 

CHART 6 REQUIRED −289 F. HOLD TIME PARAMETERS (STEP 600, FIG. 1) MASS IN CRYOGENIC PROCESSING CHAMBER MASS IN CRYOGENIC PROCESSING (CROSS-SECTIONS CHAMBER (CROSS-SECTIONS LESS LESS THAN 4″) THAN 4″)   0-500 lbs   0-500 lbs  500-1000 lbs  500-1000 lbs 1000-4000 lbs 1000-4000 lbs 4000-10000 lbs  4000-10000 lbs  MASS IN CRYOGENIC PROCESSING CHAMBER MASS IN CRYOGENIC PROCESSING (CROSS-SECTIONS CHAMBER (CROSS-SECTIONS MORE MORE THAN 4″) THAN 4″)   0-500 lbs   0-500 lbs  500-1000 lbs  500-1000 lbs 1000-4000 lbs 1000-4000 lbs 4000-10000 lbs  4000-10000 lbs 

The following Chart 7 is an example of how Charts 1 through 6 may be used to create a combined processing profile for a mixed load of tools and/or parts. The total mass in the mixed load of tools and/or parts is 2500 lbs. The mixed load of tools and/or parts includes the following items: shear blades with a 5″ cross-section, an aluminum head, welding nozzles, rubber impregnated on Nomex, brake rotors, and forge dies that have a size of 12″×12″×12″)

CHART 7 MIXED LOAD PROCESSING PROFILE EXAMPLE FIG. 1 ELEMENT NUMBER 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Shear blades, Y 1° F./ 60 min 90 min 90 min 90 min 24 0.5° F./ Y 300° F. 5″ cross- Min Min section Head, N 1° F./ N 90 min 90 min 90 min 24 1° F./ Y 275° F. aluminum Min Min Welding N 1° F./ N 90 min 90 min 90 min 24 1° F./ N N nozzles Min Min Rubber N 1° F./ N 90 min 90 min 90 min 24 1° F./ N N impregnated Min Min Nomex Brake rotors N 1° F./ N 90 min 90 min 90 min 24 1° F./ Y 400° F. Min Min Forge dies Y 1° F./ 60 min 90 min 90 min 90 min 40 0.5° F./ Y 300° F. (12″ × 12″ × 12″) Min Min COMBINED See 1° F./ 60 min 90 min 90 min 90 min 40 hrs 0.5° F./ See See PROFILE Above Min Min Above Above For For For Each Each Each Tool Tool Tool Or Or Or Part Part Part

In the mixed load of tools and/or parts example in Chart 7, the shear blades and forge dies require a pre-heat operation, so they are placed into at least one oven, and raised to a temperature of approximately 300 degrees F., and held at that temperature using the rule of: pre-heat hold time=1 min/inch of cross-sectional thickness. Using this rule, the shear blades, after reaching approximately 300 degrees F., would be held at that pre-heat temperature for approximately 5 minutes. Similarly using the pre-heat rule, the forge dies after reaching approximately 300 degrees F., would be held at that pre-heat temperature for approximately 12 minutes. After this time, the shear blades and forge dies would then be placed immediately in the cryogenic processing chamber, along with the other tools and/or parts, and gaseous nitrogen would be introduced to begin cooling the mixed load of tools and/or parts weighing 2500 lbs.

In the mixed load of tools and/or parts example in Chart 7, the descent rate 200 for all tools and/or parts is 1° F./Min, so the descent rate for the mixed load of tools and/or parts is 1° F./Min.

In this example, the shear blades and forges dies exceed 4″ in cross-section, so an optional hold stage 300 at −160 F is required. The data for optional hold stage 300 can be found in Chart 3. The total mass in the cryogenic processor is 2500 lbs, and the time at optional hold stage 300 is 60 minutes for the entire mixed load of tools and/or parts example in Chart 7.

In this example, all tools and/or parts in the cryogenic processor require hold stages 300, 400, 500, and 600. The data for hold stage 300 can be found in Chart 3. The total mass in the cryogenic processor is 2500 lbs, and the time at hold stage 300 is 90 minutes for the mixed load of tools and/or parts example in Chart 7. The data for hold stage 400 can be found in Chart 4. The total mass in the cryogenic processor is 2500 lbs, and the time at hold stage 400 is 90 minutes for the mixed load of tools and/or parts example in Chart 7. The data for hold stage 500 can be found in Chart 5. The total mass in the cryogenic processor is 2500 lbs, and the time at hold stage 500 is 90 minutes for the mixed load of tools and/or parts example in Chart 7. The data for hold stage 600 can be found in Chart 6. The total mass in the cryogenic processor is 2500 lbs, and the time at hold stage 600 is 90 minutes for the mixed load of tools and/or parts example in Chart 7.

The forge dies require the hold stage 700 time to be 40 hrs, so all the tools and/or parts in the mixed load in the cryogenic processor will be processed at 40 hrs. The data for hold stage 700 can be found in Chart 1.

After hold stage 700 is complete, the entire mixed load is warmed up at an ascent rate 800 that matches the more stringent requirement for the shear blades and forge dies. The ascent rate 800 data can be found in Chart 1.

After the mixed load of tools and/or parts reaches a temperature between 0 degrees F. and 85 degrees F., decision point 900 is reached. The welding nozzles and rubber impregnated Nomex parts do not have to go through the post temper cycle 1000, so the process for these two parts is complete. The data concerning whether any particular part needs to continue to the post temper cycle 1000 can be found on Chart 2.

The forge dies, shear blades, brake rotors, and aluminum head all require a post temper cycle 1000. The general rule for the post temper cycle 1000, regardless of the post tempering temperature on Chart 2 is: 1 hr/inch of cross-section. The tempering data for these parts can be found on Chart 2. If at least four tempering ovens are available, each part can be moved to a different oven for the post temper cycle 1000. Using the post tempering rule, the forge dies will have to be tempered for approximately 12 hours once they reach approximately 300 degrees F. Again, applying the post tempering rule, the shear blades will have to be tempered for approximately 5 hours at approximately 300 degrees F. Once again, using the post tempering rule, brake rotors will have to be tempered at approximately 400 degrees F. for approximately 1 hour. Lastly, using the post tempering rule, a typical automobile aluminum engine head will have to be tempered at approximately 275 degrees F. for approximately 2 hours.

The description of the present invention is merely exemplary in nature and, thus, variations that do not depart from the gist of the invention are intended to be within the scope of the invention. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention. 

1. A method for deep cryogenic tempering of mixed loads of tools and/or parts in the same cryogenic processing chamber, the method comprising the steps of: (a) determining if any of the tools and/or parts of the mixed load require pre-heating; (b) placing any tools and/or parts requiring pre-heating in an oven and raising the temperature to approximately 300 degrees F.; (c) holding the tools and/or parts requiring pre-heating at approximately 300 degrees F. for a period of time approximately equivalent to 1 minute of pre-heat at approximately 300 degrees F. for each inch of cross-section thickness; (d) placing the tools and/or parts that required pre-heating immediately after pre-heating into a cryogenic processing chamber containing tools and/or parts that do not require pre-heating that are at ambient; (e) cooling the mixed load of tools and/or parts at a descent rate of approximately 1 degree F. per minute until the temperature of the tools and/or parts is approximately −214 degrees F.; (f) maintaining the tools and/or parts at a temperature of −214 degrees F. for a period of time, the hold time being a function of the total mass in the cryogenic processor; (g) cooling the mixed load of tools and/or parts at a descent rate of approximately 1 degree F. per minute until the temperature of the tools and/or parts is approximately −246 degrees F.; (h) maintaining the tools and/or parts at a temperature of −246 degrees F. for a period of time, the hold time being a function of the total mass in the cryogenic processor; (i) cooling the mixed load of tools and/or parts at a descent rate of approximately 1 degree F. per minute until the temperature of the tools and/or parts is approximately −289 degrees F.; (j) maintaining the tools and/or parts at a temperature of −289 degrees F. for a period of time, the hold time being a function of the total mass in the cryogenic processor; (k) cooling the mixed load of tools and/or parts at a descent rate of approximately 1 degree F. per minute until the temperature of the tools and/or parts is approximately −300 degrees F.; (l) maintaining the tools and/or parts at a temperature of −300 degrees F. for a period of time, the hold time being a function of the total mass in the cryogenic processor, (m) raising the temperature of the mixed load of tools and/or parts to a range of approximately 0 degrees F. to 85 degrees F. at an ascent rate, the ascent rate being a function of the total mass of tools and/or parts in the cryogenic processing chamber; (l) determining if any of the tools and/or parts require a post temper cycle; (n) placing any tools and/or parts requiring a post temper cycle into at least one oven according to tempering temperature and cross-sectional thickness; (o) raising the temperature in the at least one post tempering oven to the a prescribed post tempering temperature approximately in the range of 250 degrees F. to 400 degrees F. for a post temper time, the post temper time approximately equivalent to 1 hour of post tempering at the tempering temperature for each inch of cross-section thickness; (p) lowering the temperature of the tools and/or parts to ambient at a cool down rate; (q) raising the temperature of the tools and/or parts to the prescribed temperature approximately in the range of 250 degrees F. to 400 degrees F. at an ascent rate; (r) maintaining the temperature of the tools and/or parts at the prescribed temperature approximately in the range of 250 degrees F. to 400 degrees F. for a post temper time; (s) lowering the temperature of the tools and/or parts to ambient at a cool down rate; (t) raising the temperature of the tools and/or parts to the prescribed temperature approximately in the range of 250 degrees F. to 400 degrees F. at an ascent rate; (u) maintaining the temperature of the tools and/or parts at the prescribed temperature approximately in the range of 250 degrees F. to 400 degrees F. for a post temper time; and (v) lowering the temperature of the tools and/or parts to ambient at a cool down rate.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein an optional step can be inserted between steps (d) and (e), the optional step comprising: cooling the mixed load of tools and/or parts at a descent rate of approximately 1 degree F. per minute until the temperature of the tools and/or parts is approximately −160 degrees F.; and maintaining the tools and/or parts at a temperature of −160 degrees F. for a period of time, the requirement for inserting said optional step being cross-section thickness of tools and/or parts in the cryogenic processing chamber, and hold time being a function of the total mass of the mixed load of tools and/or parts in the cryogenic processor.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the tools and/or parts is from the set consisting of drill bits, reamers, end mills, progressive dies, punch dies, press dies, forge dies, mill hammers, extrusion dies, dummy blocks for extrusion equipment, pillow blocks, bearings, pellet dies, granulators, grinding plates, circular slitters, cutters, hobs, shear blades, band saw blades, taps, broaches, roll dies, carbide inserts, spot welding tips, welding nozzles, welding tips, welding feeders, welding guides, welding tubes, cutting torch tips, cutting torch nozzles, electric motor parts, saw blades configured for brick, saw blades configured for pavers, saw blades configured for block, saw blades configured for marble, saw blades configured for granite, saw blades configured for quartz, saw blades configured for tile, saw blades configured for cured concrete, saw blades configured for green concrete, saw blades configured for asphalt, saw blades configured for demolition work, saw blades configured for rebar steel, saw blades configured for tuck pointing, cup grinders, coring bits, concrete drills, grader blades, wear edges for bucket loaders, wear edges for scrapers, wear edges for graders, wear edges for snow plows, one piece track gears, multi-piece track gears, scarifier teeth, ripper teeth, road milling bits, jack hammer bits, crack grinders, crack grinder rods, trencher chains, roller chain, stabilization tines, blow bars, hammer mill hammers, hammer mill hammer rods, pumps, chain saw chains, chain saw sprockets, rope saws, nitrogen knives for agriculture, coring bits, drills, bucket teeth, soil mixing tines, soil mixing blades, tire shredding tools, metal shredding hammers, metal shredding hammer rods, metal shear tools, push rods, steel rocker arms, aluminum rocker arms, valves, valve springs, camshafts, crankshafts, steel connecting rods, aluminum connecting rods, steel pistons and rings, aluminum pistons and rings, crankshafts, bearings, steel heads, aluminum head, steel blocks, aluminum blocks, brake drums, brake rotors, brake pads, spark plugs, transmission gears, red end gears, axles, timing chains, timing gears, rear sprockets, torque converter stators, golf clubs, golf balls, aluminum baseball bats, aluminum softball bats, racket strings, fishing line, musical instruments, electronic cables, circuit boards, razors with integrated blades, razor blades, panty hose, welded components, rubber impregnated Nomex, dental tools, light bulbs, guitar strings, and honing stones. 